This article examines capitalism as a historical, economic, and intellectual system, tracing its emergence from the collapse of feudalism to the twentieth century while analyzing its commercial and industrial phases, ideological foundations, and the reactions it provoked, particularly socialism and critiques of imperialism.

This article argues that God is not “killed” ontologically but ethically, exploring how individuals and societies eliminate God from their lives by abandoning conscience and moral practice, drawing on belief, religion, ethics, and Nietzsche’s notion of the death of God.

This article analyzes Plato’s conception of God as an organizing and rational principle rather than a creator ex nihilo, emphasizing the role of the Demiurge, the doctrine of ideas, the immortality of the soul, and the relationship between divine order and human knowledge.

This article examines Plato’s concept of justice as presented in The Republic, focusing on justice as harmony within the individual soul and functional order within society, grounded in merit, balance, and the alignment of human nature with social roles.

This article explores Arthur Schopenhauer’s conception of happiness through self-sufficiency and character, arguing that while absolute happiness is impossible, inner peace and reduced suffering can be achieved by lowering expectations, understanding one’s nature, and cultivating mental engagement.

Ghazālī’s criticisms of Avicenna’s account of divine knowledge are examined through the problems of prayer, justice, prophecy, and the relationship between God’s knowledge and time.

A brief philosophical examination of what is meant by the claim attributed to Avicenna that “God does not know particulars,” focusing on divine knowledge, the universal–particular distinction, and Ghazālī’s objections to this view.