This article explores the philosophical distinction between ethics and morality, arguing that morality is a historically and culturally embedded system of norms, while ethics is the critical and philosophical examination of these moral systems and their underlying concepts.

This article analyzes Plato’s conception of God as an organizing and rational principle rather than a creator ex nihilo, emphasizing the role of the Demiurge, the doctrine of ideas, the immortality of the soul, and the relationship between divine order and human knowledge.

This article examines Plato’s concept of justice as presented in The Republic, focusing on justice as harmony within the individual soul and functional order within society, grounded in merit, balance, and the alignment of human nature with social roles.

Ghazālī’s criticisms of Avicenna’s account of divine knowledge are examined through the problems of prayer, justice, prophecy, and the relationship between God’s knowledge and time.

A brief philosophical examination of what is meant by the claim attributed to Avicenna that “God does not know particulars,” focusing on divine knowledge, the universal–particular distinction, and Ghazālī’s objections to this view.