This article examines capitalism as a historical, economic, and intellectual system, tracing its emergence from the collapse of feudalism to the twentieth century while analyzing its commercial and industrial phases, ideological foundations, and the reactions it provoked, particularly socialism and critiques of imperialism.

This article explores the philosophical distinction between ethics and morality, arguing that morality is a historically and culturally embedded system of norms, while ethics is the critical and philosophical examination of these moral systems and their underlying concepts.

This article examines Plato’s concept of justice as presented in The Republic, focusing on justice as harmony within the individual soul and functional order within society, grounded in merit, balance, and the alignment of human nature with social roles.