This article analyzes ideology as a systematic method oriented toward specific goals, exploring its historical meaning, defining criteria, relationship with belief, and the possibility of personal and non-political ideologies in contemporary thought.

This article argues that philosophy cannot be reduced to a fixed definition or historical account, but must be understood as an ongoing process of inquiry that seeks truth through questioning, conceptual clarification, and reflective thinking rather than ready-made answers.

This article analyzes Plato’s conception of God as an organizing and rational principle rather than a creator ex nihilo, emphasizing the role of the Demiurge, the doctrine of ideas, the immortality of the soul, and the relationship between divine order and human knowledge.

This article examines Plato’s concept of justice as presented in The Republic, focusing on justice as harmony within the individual soul and functional order within society, grounded in merit, balance, and the alignment of human nature with social roles.

Ghazālī’s criticisms of Avicenna’s account of divine knowledge are examined through the problems of prayer, justice, prophecy, and the relationship between God’s knowledge and time.

A brief philosophical examination of what is meant by the claim attributed to Avicenna that “God does not know particulars,” focusing on divine knowledge, the universal–particular distinction, and Ghazālī’s objections to this view.